Untitled 1
VILLA ADRIANA by MARINA DE FRANCESCHINI

GYMNASIUM



Excavated in the 2000's, it has never been open to the public.

©MarinaDeFranceschini - Progetto Accademia

2 – PALESTRA OR GYMNASIUM
Description
The Palestra or Gymnasium is one of the lesser known buildings of the Villa; it was damaged by the bombings of the Second World War. Starting from 2005 it was excavated by Zaccaria Mari and Sergio Sgalambro of the Archaeological Superintendency of Latium [see bibliography]. It has never been open to the public.

The name Palestra was created in the sixteenth century by Pirro Ligorio, because he found four busts of red marble that he thought were athletes, since they have a crown of olive leaves on their heads  

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Bust of red marble found in the Gymnasium

Actually they were priests of the cult of the Egyptian goddess Isis, so this building must have been linked to her cult, as proved by the discovery of a colossal head of Isis in this area (erroneously attributed to the Canopus).
In addition, in some rooms enclosed in the eighteenth-century buildings of Count Fede, there are the stuccoes on the ceiling decorated with Isiac symbols. They were studied by Mariette de Vos and Caterina Ognibeni of the University of Trento (Italy).

The Palestra consists of several buildings with different orientations, partly reused eighteenth-century farmhouses built by Count Fede and depicted in the plan of his properties by Ristori and Gabbrielli.
The first building A-B has two levels. The lower floor was a substructure to compensate for the unevenness of the ground: it had two concentric cryptoporticoes, quite well preserved
.

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One of the Cryptoporticoes of the Gymnasium

There is also a water source (still active), and in fact the site is called the “House of the Fontanile” (House of the Fountain). Outside on the north side a retaining wall with small arches can be seen.
The upper floor had a large rectangular courtyard surrounded by a double portico with pillars, but very little remains.  
Here the opus sectile pavements were found, some in cipollino marble, exactly as reported by Pirro Ligorio in his Codices of the sixteenth century; this which confirms the reliability of his descriptions.

Building C still has very impressive walls, and has been used for decades as a garage and warehouse; it is accessed from one of the arches of a large perimeter wall preserved for a considerable height.


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One of the walls of the Gymnasium

The central area, which has become a courtyard, lost its cross vault roof. Various rooms opened onto it, but some are almost completely underground and difficult to access, where parts of stucco ceilings have been preserved.

Finally, building D, which was transformed into a farmhouse by Count Fede and for decades was the home of the personnel director, located on the upper floor. The lower floor, transformed into a cellar, still retains the blackened stucco ceilings, decorated with Isiac symbols. There are cubicles and two single latrines, so it served as a house, probably meant for the priests of the cult of Isis.

This cult must have had its temple in building E, known as the “Hypostyle Hall”, which was excavated in recent years by the Superintendence and Zaccaria Mari, and did not appear in the antiquarian plans. 
The façade opens towards the north-west and has a monumental marble staircase going up to the temple. The pavement was in opus sectile; column drums and precious composite capitals were found there. 

During the excavation, a white marble Sphinx was found as well as a sculpture of the falcon Horus, which confirm the Egyptian character of the decoration and suggest that this was a temple dedicated to the goddess Isis. 

Finally, next to the Hypostyle Hall is building F, a small farmhouse built in the eighteenth century incorporating Roman ruins; it is called “Casina degli Architetti” (the Architect’s Casino), because it was used by the architects who at that time came to study and survey the Villa. 

Function and meaning
Since its decoration was in Egyptian style, this building was dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis. It consisted of a large square with portico, a sanctuary (the Hypostyle hall) and living quarters for the priests. 
The builing is significantly close to the Greek Theater: the sanctuaries of Isis, in fact, were often built near a theater, where ceremonies and sacred performances were held.

SEE: Marina De Franceschini, Villa Adriana. Mosaici, pavimenti, edifici, 1991,  pp. 597-600. 


Villa Adriana - Progetto Accademia
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